1959 Map of Caliente

Significant military and federal footprints emerge to the west, where the Nevada Proving Grounds and the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range meet the dry expanse of Groom Lake. Settlement patterns are tightly tied to water and transit, with small communities like Panaca, Alamo, and Hiko clustered near the White River and Pahranagat Valley oasis, while isolated outposts like Delmues Station and Peck Station mark the progress of the steam and diesel era across the desert basins.