Saint Thomas sits at the intersection of a complex valley system where the Cumberland Valley meets the eastern slopes of the Appalachians. The landscape is defined by long, parallel ridges like Kittatinny Mountain and Front Mtn, creating secluded pockets such as Horse Valley and Bear Valley. A notable historical landmark is Franklin Furnace, hinting at the region's early industrial heritage. The drainage patterns of Conodoguinet Cr and Wilson Run dictate the placement of local roads and older settlements like Markes and Edenville. The presence of distinctive gaps and saddles, including Yankees Gap and Nancys Saddle, illustrates the historical passage points through this varied terrain. At the southern end, Parnell Knob provides a prominent high point overlooking the valley floor, where the road network transitions from mountain passes to the established routes of the lower plains.
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1900 · Mercersburg
USGS Topo · 1:62,500
1902 · Chambersburg
USGS Topo · 1:62,500
1902 · Mercersburg
USGS Topo · 1:62,500
1923 · Shippensburg
USGS Topo · 1:62,500
1939 · Orbisonia
USGS Topo · 1:62,500
1940 · Orbisonia
USGS Topo · 1:62,500
1942 · Hagerstown
USGS Topo · 1:125,000
1943 · Hagerstown
USGS Topo · 1:125,000
1943 · Mercersburg
USGS Topo · 1:24,000
1943 · Chambersburg
USGS Topo · 1:62,500