1990 Map of Livingston Hills

About this map

The Kofa Mountains and Livingston Hills dominate this desert landscape, where mineral extraction and critical water sources define the geography. Mining activity is concentrated in the northern reach of the sheet, where the Livingston Mine, Amuy Mine, and various Prospects are found along the drainage of French Creek. The central and southern portions of the map fall within the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, a protected area marked by steep canyons such as Kofa Queen Canyon and Twin Spires Canyon. For those studying the hydrology of this arid region, the map identifies essential desert watering holes and catchments, including Budweiser Spring, High Tank Six, and the De La Osa Well. These features were vital for both the early mining operations and the wildlife that gives the refuge its name.