
The confluence of the Cimarron River and the Arkansas River defines the lower-central portion of this landscape, just as the early 20th-century oil and rail boom was reshaping the Osage and Creek nations. The Midland Valley RR and the St Louis And San Francisco RR intersect near the industrial hubs of Sapulpa and West Tulsa, while specialized settlements like Oil City (Barnsdall PO) reflect the region's energy-driven economy. Rural life remains clearly visible through the numerous country schools such as Mound Valley School and Lone Spring School, alongside traditional sites like Black Dog (Indian Village). This survey captures the complex transition from a series of scattered Indian Territory settlements to an integrated network of railroad towns and petroleum centers, before the mid-century creation of major reservoirs altered the courses of the local river valleys.
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